Spinal Cord Injuries

An estimated 291,000 persons live with a spinal cord injury (SCI), with roughly 17,730 new cases occurring each year(1). Current research and treatments focus on reducing the “secondary injury cascade” that begins immediately after the initial spinal cord trauma(2). This cascade occurs during either the sub-acute (weeks to months after initial injury) or chronic phase (months to years after initial injury), or during both (3). The severity of this secondary damage directly impacts further bodily damage and the restorative process.

Fortunately, research has shown a correlation between reduced secondary damage and improved neurological outcomes(4, 5). Therapies that can reduce the severity of the secondary injury cascade, such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy, have the potential to reduce the cellular damage that occurs post-injury, and therefore improve neurological outcomes.

 

Extivita Therapies for Spinal Cord Injuries:

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Extivita Therapies Spinal Cord Injury Recovery:

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy

Neurofeedback for Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)

Neurofeedback

Supplements for Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)

Supplements

Nutritional IV Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)

Nutritional IV Therapy

Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy (PEMF) for Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)

Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy

Listen to
Ryley’s experience with
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
to treat his
Spinal Cord Injury

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury:

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy - Chapel Hill

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) increases oxygen to the damaged spinal cord tissue, thereby decreasing the cell death and damage that can occur for weeks to months after initial injury (6, 7). Additionally, HBOT decreases spinal cord edema (swelling) and inflammation(3) and has been shown to reduce synaptic and dendritic degeneration in animal models(8).

 

Synaptic and dendritic degeneration refers to the degradation of connections between nerve cells, which are essential for healthy neurological function. Reducing such degeneration via HBOT may preserve connections in the spinal cord and brain and thus decrease the severity of neurological impairment. 

 

HBOT Research Shows Improvement To:

  • Reduces cell death
  • Reduces inflammation and swelling
  • Reduces oxidative stress
Learn more about HBOT

Effects of HBOT on Spinal Cord Injury:

Decreases Inflammation

Decreased Inflammation

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy reduces systemic inflammation by increasing anti-inflammatory gene expression and decreasing proinflammatory genes.
Grows New Blood Vessels

New Blood Vessel Formation

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy stimulates the formation of new blood vessels, healing injured tissues that were unable to get nutrients and oxygen.
Increases Stem Cell Production

Increased Stem Cell Activity

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy mobilizes stem progenitor cells (SPCs) from the bone marrow, creating the opportunity for tissue regeneration.
Neurofeedback Therapy in Durham, NC

Neurofeedback for Spinal Cord Injury:

Neurofeedback may help relieve the central neuropathic pain (CNP) that 50% of SCI patients experience(9-10). CNP is characterized by burning, aching, and prickling sensations that often lead to anxiety and sleep issues, as well as a lower quality of life(9, 11-12). There is some evidence that neurofeedback therapy can reduce ratings of pain in SCI patients with CNP. One study found that 80% of study participants experienced statistically significant pain reduction following sessions of alpha reward training(10). Given this, we recommend neurofeedback therapy for people with SCI who may not be responding to traditional CNP treatment, and for those looking for an alternative method of pain relief.

Learn more about Neurofeedback

IV Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury:

Nutritional IV therapy has strong potential to limit that damage of the secondary injury cascade that occurs post-SCI. A hallmark of the secondary phase of SCI is oxidative stress, which occurs when levels of reactive oxygen and/or nitrogen species are elevated(13-14). Brain cells are particularly susceptible to damage from oxidative stress, but such damage can be reduced by improving antioxidant defenses(15).

We recommend our NAD+ IV trio for people with SCI. This trio includes NAD+, a Myer’s Cocktail IV, and a glutathione IV. Both the Myer’s Cocktail IV and glutathione IV have powerful antioxidant effects that may reduce the secondary injury cascade by combating oxidative stress(16-17). The NAD+ can also provide benefits for SCI by improving mitochondrial function, which is impaired in those with SCI(13, 18).

Learn More About Nutritional IV Therapy
Nutritional IV Therapy in Durham, NC
Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy (PEMF) in Durham, NC

Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury:

There is some evidence to suggest that pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy may promote functional recovery and reduce the secondary injury cascade in those with SCI. These benefits are likely due to PEMF’s ability to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which are involved in the secondary injury phase of SCI(19).​

Learn More About PEMF

News & Research for Spinal Cord Injury:

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy of spinal cord injury.

Jul 27, 2017 | ,

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a complex disease process that involves both primary and secondary mechanisms of injury and can leave patients with devastating functional impairment as well as psychological debilitation. While no curative treatment is available for spinal cord injury, current therapeutic approaches focus on reducing the secondary injury that follows SCI. Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy has shown promising neuroprotective effects in several experimental studies, but the limited number of clinical reports have shown mixed findings. This review will provide an overview of the potential mechanisms by which HBO therapy may exert neuroprotection, provide a summary of the clinical application of HBO therapy in patients with SCI, and discuss avenues for future studies.

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Effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on depression and anxiety in the patients with incomplete spinal cord injury (a STROBE-compliant article).

Jul 21, 2017 | ,

Little research has been done on the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on depression and anxiety after spinal cord injury (SCI). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of HBO on psychological problems and never function, especially on depression and anxiety in the patients with incomplete SCI (ISCI).Sixty patients with ISCI combined with depression and anxiety were randomly divided into HBO group (20 cases), psychotherapy group (20 cases), and conventional rehabilitation control group (20 cases). All patients received routine rehabilitation therapy. However, in HBO group and psychotherapy group, patients also received HBO and psychotherapy, respectively. These therapies lasted for a total of 8 weeks (once a day and 6 days per week). Before and after 8 weeks of treatment, depression and anxiety, nerve function, and activities of daily living were, respectively, evaluated according to Hamilton Depression (HAMD) scale, Hamilton Anxiety (HAMA) scale, American Spinal Injury Association score, and functional independence measure score in all patients.After 8 weeks of treatment, HAMD score was significantly lower in both HBO group and psychotherapy group than in control group (all P < .05), but there was no statistical difference in HAMD score between HBO group and psychotherapy group (P > .05). HAMA score was significantly lower in HBO group than in control group (P < .05), but there was no statistical difference in HAMA score between HBO group and psychotherapy group, and between psychotherapy group and control group (all P > .05). After 8 weeks of treatment, American Spinal Injury Association and functional independence measure scores were significantly higher in HBO group than in both psychological and control groups, and also higher in psychotherapy group than in control group (all P < .05).The effects of HBO on depression and anxiety are similar to that of psychotherapy. HBO can significantly improve nerve function and activities of daily living in the patients with ISCI, which either psychotherapy or routine rehabilitation therapy can not substitute.

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References
  1. “Home Page – NSCISC Application.” Accessed June 19, 2019. https://www.nscisc.uab.edu/.
  2. “Spinal Cord Injury Information: Levels, Causes, Recovery.” Accessed June 19, 2019. https://www.shepherd.org/patient-programs/spinal-cord-injury/about#FAQ3.
  3. Oyinbo, Charles Aidemise. “Secondary Injury Mechanisms in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Nugget of This Multiply Cascade.” Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 71, no. 2 (2011): 281–99. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8131/2216495186e1d35f6958c59587714efca557.pdf
  4. Dumont, R. J., D. O. Okonkwo, S. Verma, R. J. Hurlbert, P. T. Boulos, D. B. Ellegala, and A. S. Dumont. “Acute Spinal Cord Injury, Part I: Pathophysiologic Mechanisms.” Clinical Neuropharmacology 24, no. 5 (October 2001): 254–64. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11586110
  5. Kwon, Brian K., Wolfram Tetzlaff, Jonathan N. Grauer, John Beiner, and Alexander R. Vaccaro. “Pathophysiology and Pharmacologic Treatment of Acute Spinal Cord Injury.” The Spine Journal 4, no. 4 (July 1, 2004): 451–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2003.07.007
  6. Kelly, D. L., K. R. Lassiter, A. Vongsvivut, and J. M. Smith. “Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygenation and Tissue Oxygen Studies in Experimental Paraplegia.” Journal of Neurosurgery 36, no. 4 (April 1972): 425–29. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1972.36.4.0425.
  7. Emery, E., P. Aldana, M. B. Bunge, W. Puckett, A. Srinivasan, R. W. Keane, J. Bethea, and A. D. Levi. “Apoptosis after Traumatic Human Spinal Cord Injury.” Journal of Neurosurgery 89, no. 6 (December 1998): 911–20. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1998.89.6.0911.
  8. Ying, Xinwang, Wenzhan Tu, Sisi Li, Qiaoyun Wu, Xiaolong Chen, Ye Zhou, Jie Hu, Guanhu Yang, and Songhe Jiang. “Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Reduces Apoptosis and Dendritic/Synaptic Degeneration via the BDNF/TrkB Signaling Pathways in SCI Rats.” Life Sciences 229 (July 15, 2019): 187–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2019.05.029.
  9. Siddall, Philip J., et al. “A Longitudinal Study of the Prevalence and Characteristics of Pain in the First 5 Years Following Spinal Cord Injury.” Pain, vol. 103, no. 3, June 2003, pp. 249–57. ScienceDirect, doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00452-9.
  10. Vučković, Aleksandra, et al. “EEG Correlates of Self-Managed Neurofeedback Treatment of Central Neuropathic Pain in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury.” Frontiers in Neuroscience, vol. 13, Frontiers, 2019. Frontiers, doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00762.
  11. Finnerup, Nanna B., et al. “Neuropathic Pain Clinical Trials: Factors Associated with Decreases in Estimated Drug Efficacy.” Pain, vol. 159, no. 11, Nov. 2018, pp. 2339–46. PubMed Central, doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001340.
  12. Middleton, James, et al. “Relationship Between Quality of Life and Self-Efficacy in Persons With Spinal Cord Injuries.” Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, vol. 88, no. 12, Dec. 2007, pp. 1643–48. ScienceDirect, doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2007.09.001.
  13. Azbill, Robert D., et al. “Impaired Mitochondrial Function, Oxidative Stress and Altered Antioxidant Enzyme Activities Following Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury.” Brain Research, vol. 765, no. 2, Aug. 1997, pp. 283–90. ScienceDirect, doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00573-8.
  14. Pizzino, Gabriele, et al. “Oxidative Stress: Harms and Benefits for Human Health.” Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, vol. 2017, 2017. PubMed Central, doi:10.1155/2017/8416763.
  15. Jia, Z., et al. “Oxidative Stress in Spinal Cord Injury and Antioxidant-Based Intervention.” Spinal Cord, vol. 50, no. 4, 4, Nature Publishing Group, Apr. 2012, pp. 264–74. www.nature.com, doi:10.1038/sc.2011.111.
  16. Carr, Anitra C., and Silvia Maggini. “Vitamin C and Immune Function.” Nutrients, vol. 9, no. 11, Nov. 2017. PubMed Central, doi:10.3390/nu9111211.
  17. Forman, Henry Jay, et al. “Glutathione: Overview of Its Protective Roles, Measurement, and Biosynthesis.” Molecular Aspects of Medicine, vol. 30, no. 1–2, Apr. 2009, pp. 1–12. PubMed, doi:10.1016/j.mam.2008.08.006.
  18. Johnson, Sean, and Shin-ichiro Imai. “NAD + Biosynthesis, Aging, and Disease.” F1000Research, vol. 7, Feb. 2018. PubMed Central, doi:10.12688/f1000research.12120.1.
  19. Wang, Chunyan, et al. “Lowfrequency Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Promotes Functional Recovery, Reduces Inflammation and Oxidative Stress, and Enhances HSP70 Expression Following Spinal Cord Injury.” Molecular Medicine Reports, vol. 19, no. 3, Spandidos Publications, Mar. 2019, pp. 1687–93. www.spandidos-publications.com, doi:10.3892/mmr.2019.9820.